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Systemverilog Spec
SystemVerilog Program Blocks. A module is the fundamental construct used for building designs. Each module can contain hierarchies of other modules, nets, variables and other procedural blocks to describe any hardware functionality. https://6n97qmbf.diarynote.jp/202101070105569789/. The testbench on the other hand is a complete environment to verify the design and hence an emphasis is placed on the way it is modeled to make it more re-usable and effective. The Program construct provides a race-free interaction between the design and the testbench, all elements declared within the program block will get executed in the Reactive region. Non-blocking assignments within the module are scheduled in the active region, initial blocks within program blocks are scheduled in the Reactive region. Verilog Blocking and Non-blocking. Verilog supports blocking and non-blocking assignments statements within the always block with their different behaviors. The blocking assignment is similar to software assignment statements found in most popular programming languages. Module AND2(output Y, input A, B); We start by declaring the module. Module, a basic building block in Verilog HDL is a keyword here to declare the module’s name. The module command tells the compiler that we are creating something which has some inputs and outputs. AND2 is the identifier. Identifiers are how we name the module. A mailbox is a communication mechanism that allows messages to be exchanged between processes. The process which wants to talk to another process posts the message to a mailbox, which stores the messages temporarily in a system defined memory object, to pass it to the desired process.
For Loop In Systemverilog
PROGRAM BLOCK
The module is the basic building block in Verilog which works well for Design. However, for the testbench, a lot of effort is spent getting the environment properly initialized and synchronized, avoiding races between the design and the testbench, automating the generation of input stimuli, and reusing existing models and other infrastructure.
Systemverilog adds a new type of block called program block. It is declared using program and endprogram keywords.
The program block serves these basic purposes:
-> Separates the testbench from the DUT.
-> The program block helps ensure that test bench transitions do not have race conditions with the design
-> It provides an entry point to the execution of testbenches.
-> It creates a scope that encapsulates program-wide data.
-> It provides a syntactic context that specifies scheduling in the Reactive region which avoids races.
-> It doesnot allow always block. Only initial and methods are allowed, which are more controllable.
-> Each program can be explicitly exited by calling the $exit system task. Unlike $finish, which exits simulation immediately, even if there are pending events.
-> Just like a module, program block has ports. One or more program blocks can be instantiated in a top-level netlist, and connected to the DUT.
The program construct serves as a clear separator between design and testbench, and, more importantly, it specifies specialized execution semantics in the Reactive region for all elements declared within the program. Together with clocking blocks, the program construct provides for race-free interaction between the design and the testbench, and enables cycle and transaction level abstractions.
For example:
program test (input clk,input[16:1] addr,inout[7:0]data);
initial..
endprogram
program test (interface device_ifc );
initial..
endprogram
program schedules events in the Reactive region, the clocking block construct is very useful to automatically sample the steady-state values of previous time steps or clock cycles. Programs that read design values exclusively through clocking blocks with #0 input skews are insensitive to read-write races. It is important to note that simply sampling input signals (or setting non-zero skews on clocking block inputs) does not eliminate the potential for races. Proper input sampling only addresses a single clocking block. With multiple clocks, the arbitrary order in which overlapping or simultaneous clocks are processed is still a potential source for races.
Following example demonstrates the difference between the module based testbench and program based testbenchs.
moduleDUT();
reg q =0;
reg clk =0;
initial
#10 clk =1;
always@(posedge clk)
q <=1;
endmodule
module Module_based_TB();
always@(posedgeDUT.clk)$display('Module_based_TB : q = %bn',DUT.q);
endmodule
program Program_based_TB();
initial
forever@(posedgeDUT.clk)$display('Program_based_TB : q = %bn',DUT.q);
endprogram
RESULT:
Module_based_TB : q = 0
program_based_TB : q = 1
The module is the basic building block in Verilog which works well for Design. However, for the testbench, a lot of effort is spent getting the environment properly initialized and synchronized, avoiding races between the design and the testbench, automating the generation of input stimuli, and reusing existing models and other infrastructure.
Systemverilog adds a new type of block called program block. It is declared using program and endprogram keywords.
The program block serves these basic purposes:
-> Separates the testbench from the DUT.
-> The program block helps ensure that test bench transitions do not have race conditions with the design
-> It provides an entry point to the execution of testbenches.
-> It creates a scope that encapsulates program-wide data.
-> It provides a syntactic context that specifies scheduling in the Reactive region which avoids races.
-> It doesnot allow always block. Only initial and methods are allowed, which are more controllable.
-> Each program can be explicitly exited by calling the $exit system task. Unlike $finish, which exits simulation immediately, even if there are pending events.
-> Just like a module, program block has ports. One or more program blocks can be instantiated in a top-level netlist, and connected to the DUT.
The program construct serves as a clear separator between design and testbench, and, more importantly, it specifies specialized execution semantics in the Reactive region for all elements declared within the program. Together with clocking blocks, the program construct provides for race-free interaction between the design and the testbench, and enables cycle and transaction level abstractions.
For example:
program test (input clk,input[16:1] addr,inout[7:0]data);
initial..
endprogram
program test (interface device_ifc );
initial..
endprogram
program schedules events in the Reactive region, the clocking block construct is very useful to automatically sample the steady-state values of previous time steps or clock cycles. Programs that read design values exclusively through clocking blocks with #0 input skews are insensitive to read-write races. It is important to note that simply sampling input signals (or setting non-zero skews on clocking block inputs) does not eliminate the potential for races. Proper input sampling only addresses a single clocking block. With multiple clocks, the arbitrary order in which overlapping or simultaneous clocks are processed is still a potential source for races.
Following example demonstrates the difference between the module based testbench and program based testbenchs.
moduleDUT();
reg q =0;
reg clk =0;
initial
#10 clk =1;
always@(posedge clk)
q <=1;
endmodule
module Module_based_TB();
always@(posedgeDUT.clk)$display('Module_based_TB : q = %bn',DUT.q);
endmodule
program Program_based_TB();
initial
forever@(posedgeDUT.clk)$display('Program_based_TB : q = %bn',DUT.q);
endprogram
RESULT:
Module_based_TB : q = 0
program_based_TB : q = 1